How to Remove the Visual Deals Popup Spam

I normally don't do this, but these deals are so annoying, so here's: How to Remove the Visual Deals Popup Spam, its hidden in your pinterest button!

gdb tips

I usually debug lLnux programs using gdb, I like the neatness of the tui mode, thanks for that feature! Here are some simple commands to get you started using gdb. There are several major doc out there, this is simply meant as a quick start and remembering reference for me, I'll make no attempt to replace any of these.

• Starting your program with arguments: gdb -tui --args love_calc john jane

• Setting a breakpoint in a specific file (in your huge project): b filename.cpp:linenum, i.e. b posix_thread.cpp:25
• Stepping is s or (step) stepping into is stepi and continue is c.
• Examining variables is done with p variable_name, i.e. p argv[1]

The above image shows the result of the commands.

There's a small guide from gnu on tui single key mode & a quick guide if you need more than I have shown here.

Typesafe bit mask operations or Bits, bytes and operators.

In production? You're kidding right? No way some network structures contain c bit-fields. Turns out he wasn't kidding (sigh). Sometimes you just have to wonder how, or who, that stuff get's in there.

There's a neat trick in c++ for creating type safe bitmasks using enums and a template class. You'll have to know your C++ operators and how to override these if you're looking for more than just my simple template class. The source is here. You build it with: g++ bitfiled.cpp -o bitfield -Werror

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>

template<class T,typename S>
class bitfield {
public:

    inline bitfield();
    inline bitfield(const T &bit);

    inline const size_t size() const;
    inline const S num_bits() const;
    inline const S get(const T &bit) const;
    inline const S &get_bits() const;

    inline void set(const T &bit);
    inline void clear(const T &bit);
    inline void toggle(const T &bit);

    inline S operator^=(const T &bit);
    inline S operator|=(const T &bit);
    inline S operator&(const T &bit);
    inline S operator=(const T &bit);

    inline const char *dump()const;

private:    
    S bits;
    static const S zero = 0;
    static const S bit_base = 8;
};

template<typename T,typename U>
inline void set_bit(U &bits,const T mask)
{
    bits |= mask;
}

template<typename T,typename U>
inline void toggle_bit(U &bits,const T mask) 
{
    bits ^= mask;
}

template<typename T,typename U>
inline uint8_t clear_bit(U &bits,const T mask) 
{
    return bits &= ~mask;
}

template<typename T,typename U>
inline const bool is_bit_set(const U &bits,const T mask)
{
    return bits & mask;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline bitfield<T,S>::bitfield()
{
    bits = zero;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline bitfield<T,S>::bitfield(const T &bit)
{
    bits = bit;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline const S &bitfield<T,S>::get_bits() const
{
    return bits;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline const size_t bitfield<T,S>::size() const
{
    return sizeof(*this);
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline const S bitfield<T,S>::num_bits() const
{
    return size()*bit_base;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline void bitfield<T,S>::set(const T &bit) 
{
    ::set_bit(bits,bit);
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline void bitfield<T,S>::clear(const T &bit)
{
    ::clear_bit(bits,bit);
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline const S bitfield<T,S>::get(const T &bit) const
{
    return ::is_bit_set(bits,bit);
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline void bitfield<T,S>::toggle(const T &bit)
{
    ::toggle_bit(bits,bit);
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline const char *bitfield<T,S>::dump() const
{
    std::string out;
    for(unsigned int i=num_bits();0!=i;i--)
    {
out += ((1 << (i-1)) & bits) ? "1" : "0";
    }
    return out.c_str();
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline S bitfield<T,S>::operator^=(const T &bit)
{
    ::toggle_bit(bits,bit);
    return bits;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline S bitfield<T,S>::operator|=(const T &bit)
{
    ::set_bit(bits,bit);
    return bits;
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline S bitfield<T,S>::operator&(const T &bit)
{
    return ::is_bit_set(bits,bit);
}

template<class T,typename S>
inline S bitfield<T,S>::operator=(const T &bit)
{
    return bits = bit;
}

enum Mask16 {
    ab1=0x0001,
    ab2=0x0002,
    ab3=0x0004,
    ab4=0x0008,
    ab5=0x0010,
    ab6=0x0020,
    ab7=0x0040,
    ab8=0x0080,
    ab9=0x0100,
    ab10=0x0200,
    ab11=0x0400,
    ab12=0x0800,
    ab13=0x1000,
    ab14=0x2000,
    ab15=0x4000,
    ab16=0x8000,
};

enum Mask8 {
    b1 = 0x01,
    b2 = 0x02,
    b3 = 0x04,
    b4 = 0x08,
    b5 = 0x10,
    b6 = 0x20,
    b7 = 0x40,
    b8 = 0x80,
};

int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
    bitfield<Mask8,uint8_t> bf8;
    std::cout << "-------------------------------" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "bf8 size: " << bf8.size() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Bits constructor: " << std::bitset<8>(bf8.get_bits()) << std::endl;

//    bf8.set(b2);
    bf8 |= b2;
    std::cout << "Bit initialized: " << std::bitset<8>(bf8.get_bits()) << std::endl;

    uint8_t bit_flip = 0;
    for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
    {
bit_flip = (1 << i); 
const char *p = (bit_flip<=0x08) ? "0x0" : "0x";
std::cout << "-------------------------------" << std::endl;
std::cout << "Simulated Mask: " << std::bitset<8>(bit_flip) << std::endl;
std::cout << "Simulated Hex : " << p << std::hex << (int)bit_flip << std::endl;

// bf8.toggle(static_cast<Mask8>(bit_flip));
bf8 ^= static_cast<Mask8>(bit_flip);
// (bf8.get(static_cast<Mask8>(bit_flip))) ? std::cout << "true" << std::endl :std::cout << "false" << std::endl ;
(bf8 & static_cast<Mask8>(bit_flip)) ? std::cout << "true" << std::endl :std::cout << "false" << std::endl ;
std::cout << "bf8.bits " << std::bitset<8>(bf8.get_bits()) << std::endl;
    }

    bitfield<Mask16,uint16_t> bf16;
    std::cout << "-------------------------------" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "bf16 size: " << bf16.size() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Bits constructor: " << std::bitset<16>(bf16.get_bits()) << std::endl;

    bf16.set(ab9);
    std::cout << "Bit initialized: " << std::bitset<16>(bf16.get_bits()) << std::endl;

    bf16 = ab10;
    std::cout << "Bit initialized: " << std::bitset<16>(bf16.get_bits()) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "num bits: " << std::dec << bf16.num_bits() << std::endl;

    // testing for placement in a telegram!
    struct test_telegram {
uint8_t version;
uint8_t type;
bitfield<Mask8,uint8_t> b;
    }tt = {0};

    std::cout << "-------------------------------" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "tt size: " << sizeof(tt) << std::endl;

    tt.b = b3;
    std::cout << "tt.b: " << std::bitset<8>(tt.b.get_bits()) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "tt.b.dump() : " << tt.b.dump() << std::endl;

    bitfield<Mask8,uint8_t> bf_constructor(b5);
    std::cout << "-------------------------------" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "bf_constructor: " << std::bitset<8>(bf_constructor.get_bits()) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "bf_constructor.dump() : " << bf_constructor.dump() << std::endl;

    // Using the template function to manipulate c style!
    ::set_bit(bf_constructor,b3);
    std::cout << "global function - bf_constructor: " << std::bitset<8>(bf_constructor.get_bits()) << std::endl;

//    ::set_bit(bf_constructor,0x08); // error needs a valid Mask8 type or a cast static_cast<Mask8>(0x08)
//    bf_constructor.set(0x08);       // error needs a valid Mask8 type or a cast static_cast<Mask8>(0x08)
//    bf_constructor.get(0x08);       // error needs a valid Mask8 type or a cast static_cast<Mask8>(0x08)
//    bf_constructor.toggle(0x08);    // error needs a valid Mask8 type or a cast static_cast<Mask8>(0x08)
    return 0;
}

I created 4 template functions, set_bit, clear_bit, toggle_bit and is_bit_set. Their purpose is to both serve as a simple interface, and to keep the types in place. They're used through the class, and they could be declared in the class, but for me that would make the functions loose their purpose. 

Notice there are two enumerations, namely, Mask8 and Mask16. These two types are used in the bitfield to ensure the type safety. The main function is meant as a simple test of the type safety. Play with this stuff all you wan't.

You'll notice that you cannot set, say, an int in either of the mask operators (or functions) all will give you a compile error, the sole intent of the implementation. Where do you use it you ask, I'd be using it every where I find a c/c++ bitfield used inside a structure, to keep the code portable on many platforms and to be able to use the above bitfield class in network telegrams.